What term describes ratings that are unduly favorable?

• A. Leniency error
• B. Severity error
• C. Central tendency
• D. Halo effect

Answer: (A)

Rater bias in evaluations can skew judgments, and leniency error is the bias where ratings are softer or more favorable than warranted. This means an inspector might give higher scores across items even when performance or compliance isn’t truly strong, often to avoid conflict, avoid upset stakeholders, or because of a close relationship with the subject.

This differs from the halo effect, where a single favorable impression about one aspect (like a property owner’s politeness) spills over and inflates ratings on other unrelated items. Central tendency pushes scores toward the middle, not toward high marks overall. Severity error is the opposite pattern—ratings are unduly harsh.

So, when ratings are consistently too favorable across the board, the term that fits best is leniency error. To reduce it, use objective checklists, standard criteria, and regular rater calibration.